Socio-environmental conflict associated with (Bothrops asper) in three communities in the Jipijapa canton

Abstract

This study examines the conflict between humans and the snake Bothrops asper in the communities of Maldonado, El Matal, and San Vicente, located in La Unión parish, Jipijapa canton, Ecuador. The conflict arises from agricultural expansion, which has intensified encounters between people and wildlife. The objective was to identify the underlying causes, impacts, and long-term management strategies through a mixed-methods approach. Data collection included surveys of 100 residents, interviews with community leaders, and records of wildlife sightings. Quantitative data were analyzed statistically, while qualitative information was examined through thematic analysis, providing deeper insights into local perceptions and attitudes. Results revealed a broad distribution of B. asper and predominantly negative perceptions, driven by fear and lack of knowledge. The most common response from the population is capturing and killing individuals, reflecting limited recognition of the species’ ecological role. Additionally, deforestation and climate change were identified as factors exacerbating the conflict. The study concludes that environmental education, community awareness, and participatory programs for sustainable management are essential to mitigate the conflict, promote coexistence, conserve biodiversity, and support local development.